What are some common mistakes marketers make when setting up Google Ads campaigns?

Here are some common mistakes marketers make when setting up Google Ads campaigns, which can lead to wasted budget, poor performance, or missed opportunities:

⚠️ 1. Poor Keyword Targeting

Using only broad match without negative keywords can attract irrelevant traffic.
Not separating branded and non-branded keywords, which makes it hard to track performance accurately.
Not doing proper keyword research, relying on intuition rather than data.

⚠️ 2. Lack of Negative Keywords

Failing to use negative keywords allows your ads to show on irrelevant or low-intent searches.
This leads to low CTRs and poor Quality Scores, driving up costs.

⚠️ 3. No Clear Campaign Structure

Mixing different products/services or audiences into one ad group.
Not segmenting campaigns by theme, funnel stage, or geography.
Makes optimization and tracking very difficult.

⚠️ 4. Weak Ad Copy

Generic or irrelevant headlines/descriptions that don’t match the keyword intent.
Not using responsive search ads effectively.
Ignoring the use of unique selling points or CTAs.

⚠️ 5. Skipping Ad Extensions

Not using sitelinks, callouts, or structured snippets leaves valuable real estate unused.
Reduces CTR and competitiveness in the ad auction.

⚠️ 6. Not Tracking Conversions

No conversion tracking = you’re flying blind.
Marketers often forget to set up or properly configure Google Ads or GA4 conversion goals.

⚠️ 7. Ignoring Match Types

Using broad match only → poor traffic quality.
Using only exact match → missing valuable long-tail traffic.
A balanced strategy is usually better.

⚠️ 8. Improper Location Targeting

Targeting entire countries when only a city or region is relevant.
Forgetting to exclude irrelevant locations.

⚠️ 9. Budget and Bidding Mismanagement

Allocating budget equally across campaigns regardless of ROI.
Using automated bidding without enough data or setting unrealistic targets.

⚠️ 10. Lack of Regular Optimization

Not reviewing search term reports or pausing underperforming keywords.
Leaving campaigns untouched for weeks or months.
Not A/B testing ads or landing pages.

How does BGP prevent routing loops? Explain AS_PATH and loop prevention mechanisms.

In Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), preventing routing loops is critical — especially because BGP is the inter-domain routing protocol used to connect Autonomous Systems (ASes) on the internet. 🔄 How BGP Prevents Routing Loops The main mechanism BGP uses is the AS_PATH attribute . 🔍 What is AS_PATH? AS_PATH is a BGP path attribute that lists the sequence of Autonomous Systems (AS numbers) a route has traversed. Each time a route is advertised across an AS boundary, the local AS number is prepended to the AS_PATH. Example: If AS 65001 → AS 65002 → AS 65003 is the route a prefix has taken, the AS_PATH will look like: makefile AS_PATH: 65003 65002 65001 It’s prepended in reverse order — so the last AS is first . 🚫 Loop Prevention Using AS_PATH ✅ Core Mechanism: BGP routers reject any route advertisement that contains their own AS number in the AS_PATH. 🔁 Why It Works: If a route makes its way back to an AS that’s already in the AS_PATH , that AS kno...

Explain the Angular compilation process: View Engine vs. Ivy.

The Angular compilation process transforms your Angular templates and components into efficient JavaScript code that the browser can execute. Over time, Angular has evolved from the View Engine compiler to a newer, more efficient system called Ivy . Here's a breakdown of the differences between View Engine and Ivy , and how each affects the compilation process: 🔧 1. What Is Angular Compilation? Angular templates ( HTML inside components) are not regular HTML—they include Angular-specific syntax like *ngIf , {{ }} interpolation, and custom directives. The compiler translates these templates into JavaScript instructions that render and update the DOM. Angular uses Ahead-of-Time (AOT) or Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation modes: JIT : Compiles in the browser at runtime (used in development). AOT : Compiles at build time into efficient JS (used in production). 🧱 2. View Engine (Legacy Compiler) ➤ Used in Angular versions < 9 🔍 How It Works: Compiles templat...

What are the different types of directives in Angular? Give real-world examples.

In Angular, directives are classes that allow you to manipulate the DOM or component behavior . There are three main types of directives: 🧱 1. Component Directives Technically, components are directives with a template. They control a section of the screen (UI) and encapsulate logi c. ✅ Example: @Component ({ selector : 'app-user-card' , template : `<h2>{{ name }}</h2>` }) export class UserCardComponent { name = 'Alice' ; } 📌 Real-World Use: A ProductCardComponent showing product details on an e-commerce site. A ChatMessageComponent displaying individual messages in a chat app. ⚙️ 2. Structural Directives These change the DOM layout by adding or removing elements. ✅ Built-in Examples: *ngIf : Conditionally includes a template. *ngFor : Iterates over a list and renders template for each item. *ngSwitch : Switches views based on a condition. 📌 Real-World Use: < div * ngIf = "user.isLoggedIn...

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